Membranophones

Ashiko

Name

Ashiko

Percussions

Region

Africa

Time of Invention

Between 1001 and 1900 AD

Table of Contents

Video

The Ashiko is a traditional hand drum that originates from West Africa, particularly associated with the Yoruba people. Characterized by its unique tapered cylindrical shape, the Ashiko features a wide head at one end and an open narrow end, which contributes to its distinctive sound. Typically constructed from hardwood, the drum is covered with animal skin, usually goatskin or calfskin, which is tensioned to produce sound. The Ashiko is played using the hands, allowing for a variety of tonal expressions and rhythmic patterns.

Type of Instrument

The Ashiko falls under the category of membranophones, which are instruments that produce sound primarily through vibrating membranes. Specifically classified as an open-ended conical drum in the Hornbostel-Sachs classification system, it shares similarities with other African drums, such as the djembe. However, its conical shape and construction techniques set it apart, giving it a unique tonal quality that complements various musical styles.

History

The history of the Ashiko can be traced back to the Yoruba culture in present-day Nigeria and Benin during the 19th century. The term “Ashiko” itself is derived from a Yoruba word meaning “drum” or “freedom,” reflecting its cultural significance. Historically, the Ashiko was used in community celebrations, storytelling, and as a means of communication within tribes. Its role as a “talking drum” allowed it to mimic speech patterns through pitch modulation achieved by manipulating the tension ropes that secure the drumhead. As African communities migrated and settled in different regions, the Ashiko adapted and evolved. By the 1930s, it gained popularity in the United States through musicians like Moses Mianns, who introduced this instrument to American audiences. Ashiko’s influence can also be seen in Afro-Colombian and Afro-Brazilian music, where similar conical drums are employed.

Construction

Traditionally, Ashikos were hand-carved from a single log of wood, creating a natural resonance chamber that enhances sound quality. Modern versions may utilize staves glued together to form a sturdy shell capable of withstanding various environmental conditions. The wood used for construction significantly impacts the drum’s tonal characteristics; hardwoods like mahogany or iroko are preferred for their durability and rich sound. The drumhead is typically made from animal skin, which is secured tightly using ropes or metal rings. This tensioning system not only affects the pitch but also allows for dynamic sound production. The dimensions of an Ashiko can vary widely; however, they generally measure between 60 centimeters in height and 26 centimeters in diameter at the head.

Types

Ashikos come in various sizes and styles, each tailored to specific musical contexts. Some common types include:

Traditional Ashiko: Handcrafted from natural materials with a focus on cultural authenticity.

Modern Ashiko: Often made with synthetic materials for durability and ease of maintenance.

Top-Tuned Ashiko: Features tuning lugs on top for precise pitch adjustment.

Miniature Ashiko: Smaller versions designed for children or educational purposes.

Electric Ashiko: Incorporates electronic components for amplification and effects.

Each type serves different purposes across musical genres while maintaining the essential characteristics of the Ashiko.

Playing Methods

Playing the Ashiko requires skillful techniques that vary among cultures but generally include:

Hand Techniques: Players often use their palms for deep tones and fingers for higher pitches.

Rhythmic Patterns: Traditional rhythms are integral to performances; drummers often learn specific patterns passed down through generations.

Call-and-Response: In many cultural contexts, drumming involves interactive play where one drummer leads with a rhythm and others respond.

Learning to play involves practice and familiarity with various rhythms tied to cultural events such as weddings, harvest festivals, and ceremonial gatherings.

Sound Production

Sound production in an Ashiko involves several factors:

Striking Technique: Players use their palms and fingers to strike different parts of the drumhead, producing a range of tones.
Tension Adjustment: The ropes securing the drumhead allow players to adjust the tension before the performance, affecting pitch and resonance.
Resonance Chamber: The conical shape acts as a natural amplifier for sound waves produced by striking the drumhead.

The combination of these elements results in a rich tapestry of sounds that can vary from deep resonant booms to sharp slaps. Its sound production depends on its shape, construction, and playing technique. The drum’s cylindrical body, made from hollowed-out wood, is covered with a single animal-skin head that vibrates when struck. The unique design, narrower at the bottom and wider at the top, amplifies the sound and provides a range of tones from deep, resonant bass to sharp, high notes. Players use their hands to strike the drumhead, with different parts of the hand and striking techniques creating varying tones and rhythms.

Culturally, the ashiko holds significant importance in African communities as a medium for storytelling, rituals, and celebrations. It is often played in ceremonies and gatherings, serving as a tool to unify people through rhythm and dance. The drum symbolizes communication and connection in its traditional context, as it is used to relay messages, express emotions, and foster communal bonds. In contemporary music, the ashiko is embraced in world music and fusion genres, representing the preservation and adaptation of African musical heritage.

FAQ

What is the Ashiko drum made of?

The Ashiko drum is traditionally made from hardwood, such as oak or mahogany, for the shell. The drumhead is typically crafted from animal skin, like goatskin, stretched over the top. Modern variations may use synthetic materials for the head. Rope or metal tuning mechanisms secure the drumhead to the shell.

What is the origin of the Ashiko drum?

The Ashiko drum originates from West Africa and is closely tied to traditional African music and dance. It has been used for centuries in ceremonies and celebrations. The drum’s cone-like shape and rich sound reflect its cultural significance. Today, it is popular in various global percussion traditions.

What are the types of Ashiko drums?

Ashiko drums come in various sizes and styles, primarily differing in shell material, drumhead type, and tuning methods. Traditional Ashikos are handcrafted from solid wood with animal skin heads. Modern types may include synthetic shells and drumheads, offering greater durability and consistent tone.

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