Citole

The citole, in its various forms, was a plucked string instrument. Though its exact visual representation varied through the ages, several common threads tied its diverse appearances together. It typically featured a relatively small body, a neck, and strings that were plucked or strummed. One of the complications with fully understanding the citole, is that depictions of the instrument were often stylized, and sometimes lacking in detail, thus making definitive descriptions difficult. Additionally, the instrument evolved over a considerable time period, in various locations, adding to the complexity of a concise description.  

Categorizing the citole precisely remains a point of scholarly debate. It shares characteristics with both plucked lutes and early guitar-like instruments. However, given its evolutionary trajectory, it occupied a transitional space between older forms of plucked instruments and those that would later emerge. This “in-between” nature is part of what makes the citole a uniquely valuable subject of musical study. Modern Musicology generally categorizes the Citole as a Cither family instrument.

History

The citole’s history spans several centuries, primarily within Europe. Its presence is documented from the 12th to the 16th centuries, with possible earlier origins and later developments. The citole begins to appear in textual and iconographic sources across Europe. Its precise origins are obscure, but it gained popularity in regions including France, England, and the Iberian Peninsula.  During this period, the instrument’s form varied significantly, indicating a period of experimentation and regional adaptation. The citole continued to be used, but it also underwent transformations that led to its eventual decline and replacement by newer instruments. The influences that contributed to later guitar like instruments began to have impact upon the development of the Citole. The citole’s journey across Europe highlights the dynamic nature of musical instrument development during the medieval and Renaissance eras. It reflects the flow of cultural influences and the constant evolution of musical practices.

Construction and Design

The construction and design of the citole exhibited considerable variation, reflecting its long history and diverse regional manifestations. However, some common features can be identified:

The body of the citole could be flat-backed or arched, and its shape ranged from roughly pear-shaped to more guitar-like forms. Many citoles have been found with a relatively small body in comparison to many other stringed instruments of its time. The neck of the citole provided a surface for the fingerboard, where the strings were stopped to produce different pitches. Descriptions of pegboxes, or tuning mechanisms are sometimes absent from medieval depictions, and where sometimes present, they vary in their apparent design. The number of strings varied, but evidence suggests that citoles typically had between three and six strings. The strings themselves would have most likely been made of gut. The sound board of a citole, being the resonating face of the instrument, would contribute significantly to its sonic output. The bridge, a small piece that held the strings in place on the soundboard, was essential for transferring string vibrations to the instrument’s body. The materials used in citole construction likely varied depending on local availability and the instrument’s intended purpose. Wood, particularly types suitable for resonance, would have been the primary material for the body and neck.

Types

Due to the scarcity of surviving examples, and the variability of period depictions of the Citole, giving concrete types is difficult. However, variations and trends can be discribed.

Early Medieval Citoles: These instruments were characterized by their more rounded bodies and simpler construction. They were often depicted in early medieval manuscripts, showing a variety of sizes, and sometimes showing variations in the apparent method of string fastening.

Later Medieval Citoles: As the citole evolved, its shape became more defined, often exhibiting a more flattened back and a tendency towards guitar like aspects. This variety of citole, is often the variety seen in late medieval and early renaissance depictions.

Renaissance Citoles: During the Renaissance, the citole began to resemble early forms of the guitar. It is within this era that the citoles slow evolution away from it’s original form is most apparent. It is important to remember, that these are trend descriptions, rather than absolute classifications, given the available information.

Characteristics

The citole possessed several characteristics that contributed to its unique role in medieval and Renaissance music:

Versatility: The citole’s ability to be plucked or strummed allowed it to be used in a variety of musical contexts, from accompanying vocals to providing instrumental music. 

Portability: Its relatively small size made the citole a portable instrument, suitable for use in both indoor and outdoor settings.

Sound Quality: The citole’s sound, while not as loud as some other instruments, was likely clear and bright, making it well-suited for intimate musical performances.

Cultural Significance: The citole appears within numerous period artistic works, showing it’s place within the musical culture of the time.  

The citole’s decline and eventual disappearance can be attributed to several factors, including the rise of newer and more versatile instruments, such as the lute and the guitar. However, its historical significance and its role in the evolution of stringed instruments remain undeniable.

Playing Techniques and Sound Modifications

Playing the citole involved a combination of plucking, strumming, and occasionally, fingerpicking techniques. The wire strings, typically arranged in courses, allowed for a bright and resonant sound, well-suited to both melodic and harmonic playing. The flat back of the instrument facilitated a stable playing position, whether held in the lap or supported against the body. Early citoles often featured a limited number of frets, restricting the range of playable notes. However, as the instrument evolved, the addition of more frets expanded its melodic possibilities. Playing techniques would have been influenced by the specific tuning of the instrument, which varied across different periods and regions. The use of a plectrum, likely made of quill or bone, was common for strumming and melodic lines. Fingerpicking, while less prevalent, would have offered a more nuanced and expressive approach, allowing for greater control over individual notes and harmonies. Sound modifications on the citole were achieved through various means. The choice of string material, tension, and thickness significantly impacted the instrument’s tone. Wire strings, known for their brightness and sustain, could be manipulated by adjusting their gauge and tension. The use of different plectra also influenced the sound, with harder materials producing a sharper attack and softer materials yielding a mellower tone. The citole’s soundboard, typically made of spruce or other resonant woods, played a crucial role in amplifying the sound. The shape and size of the soundholes, often intricately carved, also contributed to the instrument’s tonal characteristics. Additionally, the player could manipulate the sound by varying the plucking position and angle, as well as by muting the strings with the palm of the hand. The use of open tunings, common in many plucked string instruments, allowed for the creation of rich and resonant chords. The citole’s ability to produce a clear and articulate sound made it well-suited for both solo and ensemble playing, enabling it to project melodies and harmonies effectively.

Applications in Music

The citole found applications in a wide range of musical contexts during the medieval and Renaissance periods. Its versatility allowed it to function as both a solo instrument and a vital component of ensemble music. In secular settings, the citole was often used to accompany songs and dances, providing rhythmic and melodic support. Its bright and clear tone made it particularly well-suited for lively and energetic performances. In courtly settings, the citole would have been played for entertainment and social gatherings, contributing to the refined atmosphere of these events. In religious contexts, the citole may have been used to accompany sacred songs and hymns, although its use in this setting is less documented compared to other instruments like the organ or psaltery. The citole’s role in medieval and Renaissance music extended beyond mere accompaniment. It was also used for solo performances, showcasing the skill and artistry of the player. The instrument’s ability to produce both melodic and harmonic textures allowed for the creation of intricate and expressive pieces.

The citole’s presence in illuminated manuscripts and literary works suggests its integration into the cultural landscape of the time. Its depictions alongside other instruments, such as the vielle and lute, highlight its role in ensemble music. The citole’s use in dance music is particularly notable. Its rhythmic capabilities and clear tone made it an ideal instrument for providing a steady beat and melodic accompaniment for dancers. The instrument’s portability also made it suitable for traveling musicians, who would have entertained audiences in various settings, from taverns to marketplaces. The citole’s versatility and adaptability contributed to its widespread use across different social classes and musical genres.

Most Influential Players

Identifying specific influential citole players from the medieval and Renaissance periods is challenging due to the limited documentation available. Unlike composers or poets, instrumental performers often left behind fewer traces of their activities. However, by examining artistic depictions and literary references, we can glean insights into the social context of citole playing and the potential influence of skilled performers. The presence of citole players in courtly settings suggests that they enjoyed a degree of social status and recognition. Their ability to entertain and engage audiences would have contributed to their influence within these circles. The depictions of citole players in illuminated manuscripts, often alongside other musicians and dancers, highlight their role in ensemble performances. These depictions, while not providing specific names, offer visual evidence of the instrument’s popularity and the presence of skilled players. The transmission of musical knowledge and playing techniques would have occurred through oral tradition and apprenticeship systems. Skilled citole players would have passed on their expertise to younger musicians, ensuring the continuity of playing traditions. While specific names may be lost to history, the impact of these performers can be seen in the widespread use and popularity of the citole during its heyday. The development of new playing techniques and musical styles would have been influenced by the creativity and skill of individual players. The evolution of the citole itself, with changes in its construction and design, may also reflect the influence of skilled performers who sought to expand its musical capabilities. The citole’s legacy, as preserved in artistic depictions and literary references, serves as a testament to the influence of its players, who contributed to the rich tapestry of medieval and Renaissance music.

Maintenance and Care

Maintaining and caring for a citole, like any string instrument, was essential for preserving its sound and playability. The wire strings, while durable, would have required periodic replacement due to wear and tear. The tension of the strings would have needed to be carefully adjusted to maintain proper tuning and prevent damage to the instrument. The soundboard, typically made of wood, would have been susceptible to changes in humidity and temperature. Proper storage in a stable environment would have been crucial for preventing warping or cracking. Cleaning the instrument with a soft cloth would have helped to remove dust and dirt, preserving its finish and preventing damage to the delicate components. The frets, if present, would have required occasional cleaning and polishing to ensure smooth playing. The use of appropriate lubricants on the tuning pegs would have facilitated smooth and accurate tuning. Regular inspection of the instrument for any signs of damage, such as cracks or loose components, would have allowed for timely repairs. The citole’s delicate construction and wire strings required careful handling to prevent damage. The instrument would have been stored in a protective case when not in use. The use of appropriate tools for string changing and tuning would have minimized the risk of damage. The maintenance and care of a citole reflected the value placed on the instrument and its role in musical performance. Proper care ensured that the instrument could continue to produce its characteristic sound and contribute to the musical landscape of its time. Modern reconstructions of the citole also require careful maintenance and care to ensure their longevity and playability. Modern luthiers and players employ similar techniques to those used in the past, adapting them to contemporary materials and tools.

Cultural Significance

The cultural significance of the citole extends beyond its role as a musical instrument. It served as a symbol of social status, artistic expression, and cultural identity. Its presence in courtly settings and artistic depictions highlights its association with refinement and sophistication. The citole’s use in secular music, particularly dance music, reflects its integration into social gatherings and celebrations. Its role in accompanying songs and poetry underscores its connection to literary and artistic traditions. The instrument’s evolution and adaptation over time reflect the dynamic interplay between musical innovation and cultural shifts. The citole’s gradual decline, coinciding with the rise of new instruments and musical styles, does not diminish its historical importance. Rather, it serves as a reminder of the ever-evolving nature of musical traditions. The citole’s legacy, as preserved in artistic depictions, literary references, and surviving examples, provides valuable insights into the musical landscape of past eras.

Its presence in illuminated manuscripts and sculptural representations offers visual evidence of its popularity and cultural significance. The citole’s role in medieval and Renaissance music extended beyond mere entertainment. It served as a means of communication, expression, and social interaction. Its sound resonated in both intimate settings and larger gatherings, contributing to the cultural fabric of the time. The citole’s cultural significance is also evident in its representation in literature, where it is often associated with themes of love, romance, and courtly life. The instrument’s symbolic associations and its role in various social contexts contributed to its lasting impact on medieval and Renaissance culture. Modern reconstructions of the citole and performances