Shinobue

The shinobue is a traditional Japanese bamboo flute that belongs to the transverse flute family. It is widely used in Japanese folk music, festivals, and even kabuki and noh theater. The shinobue, also called “takebue” or “fue” for short, is a simple yet versatile instrument. Made from shinodake (a small type of bamboo), the shinobue’s inner side is coated with lacquer or synthetic resin, which enhances both its durability and its resonant sound. Historically, the shinobue is believed to have developed from the ryūteki flute, which was introduced to Japan from China, and it eventually evolved into its current form during the Taisho to early Showa period (1912-1945).

History of the Shinobue

The shinobue’s history is closely linked to the introduction of the ryūteki during the Nara period, which was imported from China as a yokobue (transverse flute) used in gagaku, the ancient Japanese court music. As the ryūteki spread beyond the aristocratic court and into common Japanese society, the flute was simplified, and the shinobue emerged as a distinct instrument used primarily by the common people. Over time, the shinobue became a popular instrument for folk music and festivals. The current version of the shinobue, which we know today, was standardized by Hyakunosuke Fukuhara V and VI during the Taisho to early Showa period, and the name “shinobue” was coined around that time.

Artifacts that suggest the use of transverse flutes in Japan have been found in various archaeological sites, including a flute kept at the Shosoin in Nara Prefecture, and others excavated at the Shimizu Ruins in Miyagi Prefecture, dating back to the Heian period (9th century). These historical flutes vary in their structure and scale, making it difficult to definitively trace the evolution of the shinobue.

Construction and Anatomy of the Shinobue

The shinobue’s construction is relatively simple, yet it involves careful craftsmanship to ensure the best sound quality. Below are the key elements of its construction:

• Material: Traditionally made from shinodake (Pleioblastus simonii), the bamboo is selected for its resonance and strength. The inner side of the bamboo is coated with natural lacquer or synthetic resin to protect the instrument and enhance its sound.
• Length and Diameter: The shinobue typically ranges from 35 to 50 centimeters in length, with a diameter of around 1.3 to 2.0 centimeters, depending on the type of flute and the intended pitch.
• Utaguchi (Mouthpiece): The mouthpiece is beveled to create a sharp edge for the player to blow against, producing sound in a manner similar to blowing across the top of a bottle.
• Finger Holes: The shinobue usually has either six or seven finger holes, which allow for the production of a wide range of notes. The placement and size of these holes directly impact the tuning and tonal qualities of the instrument.
• Body (Tube): The body of the shinobue is a straight tube. It is often wrapped in to (Japanese wisteria) or nylon threads to prevent splitting and to add decorative flair.
• Tuning: Shinobue can be tuned in two main styles:
  • Hayashi-bue (Festival Tuning): This tuning is higher in pitch, making it suitable for lively, upbeat festival music.
  • Uta-bue (Song Tuning): This tuning is lower and more melodic, ideal for lyrical or song-like pieces.
• Decoration: The exterior of the shinobue is often polished, lacquered, and may feature intricate carvings or painted designs. The bindings or wrappings also add a decorative touch while reinforcing the bamboo tube to prevent cracking.

Types of Shinobue

Shinobue flutes are classified according to the number of finger holes, their length, tuning, and usage. The two most common types are:

• Rokko (Six-Hole Shinobue): This type has six finger holes and is commonly used for traditional folk music.
• Shichiko (Seven-Hole Shinobue): This version has seven finger holes, allowing for greater tonal versatility. It is often used in a wider variety of musical contexts.

There are also various regional styles of shinobue that feature different lengths, tuning, and decoration. For example, the tenchimaki style is wrapped at both ends, while the shiratake is a plain bamboo flute without any wrapping. The somaki style is heavily wrapped, and the nuribue is entirely lacquered.

Playing Techniques and Musical Context

The shinobue is played by blowing across the beveled mouthpiece, with the player covering and uncovering the finger holes to produce different notes. It is played horizontally, like other transverse flutes:

• Finger Techniques: The shinobue’s distinctive sound often comes from the use of rapid finger movements called “uchiyubi,” which involve tapping the tone holes to create quick variations in pitch. This technique is commonly used in festival music and other traditional performances.
• Breath Control: By altering breath pressure and adjusting the angle of the flute, players can achieve microtonal variations, known as meri (lowering the pitch) and kari (raising the pitch). These techniques allow the shinobue to produce semitones and even microtones, contributing to its expressive capabilities.
• Modern Techniques: More recently, shinobue players have begun incorporating Western techniques such as tonguing, flutter-tonguing, and trills, making the shinobue versatile in both traditional and modern musical contexts.

The shinobue is most commonly used in Japanese festivals, known as matsuri, and in traditional folk music. It is also used in kabuki and noh performances, though it is less common than other Japanese flutes like the shakuhachi or nohkan. Its bright, clear tone is perfect for festive and celebratory settings.

Benefits of Playing the Shinobue

• Affordable: Many beginners start with inexpensive plastic shinobue flutes, which makes the instrument accessible to a wide audience.
• Easy to Learn: The shinobue is relatively simple to play, and beginners can quickly learn to play traditional Japanese folk songs.
• Versatile: The shinobue is suitable for a range of musical styles, from traditional Japanese music to contemporary anime soundtracks.
• Portable: Its small size makes the shinobue easy to carry, and it can be conveniently placed in a backpack or cloth case.
• Health Benefits: Playing the shinobue can improve breath control, promote relaxation, and bring a sense of peace through its calming sound and deep breathing technique.