Tar (frame drum)

The tar is a traditional frame drum that has been used in a variety of musical traditions around the world. Known for its deep, resonant tones and rhythmic versatility, the tar is a key percussion instrument in many cultures. Its origins are ancient, and its use spans across continents and centuries, adapting to different musical styles, whether in classical, folk, or contemporary settings.

Description and Type of Instrument

The tar is a member of the frame drum family, characterized by its shallow, circular frame, typically made of wood or other lightweight materials. The drum’s membrane, usually made from animal skin or synthetic materials, is stretched tightly over the frame. It is played by hand or with the help of sticks, and its sound can vary depending on the technique used. The tar is often used in ensemble settings but can also be played solo. In terms of type, the tar is a membranophone, meaning it produces sound through the vibration of its membrane. It is one of the oldest known types of drums and has variations found in different regions and cultures.

History of Tar (frame drum)

The origins of the tar can be traced back thousands of years. It is believed to have originated in the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, particularly in Persia (modern-day Iran), during the Sassanian Empire (circa 3rd to 7th century CE). Over time, its use spread throughout the Middle East, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean, each culture adapting the instrument to its own musical traditions. The tar is particularly prominent in the music of Persian classical music, but variations of the frame drum appear across many regions, including Turkey, Greece, Armenia, and North Africa. The drum has continued to evolve through the centuries, playing significant roles in religious, ceremonial, and artistic music, while also adapting to contemporary genres.

Construction

The construction of the tar is relatively simple yet intricate, reflecting its ancient roots. The frame is typically made from lightweight wood, such as ash or maple, though more modern versions may incorporate materials like plastic or fiberglass. The wood is shaped into a circular or oval frame that can be easily held and manipulated during playing. The membrane is the most critical part of the instrument. Traditionally, goat or camel skin is used due to its resilience and resonant properties, but in modern versions, synthetic materials are often chosen for consistency and ease of maintenance. The membrane is stretched tightly over the frame and secured with a series of cords or adhesive, ensuring it remains taut during performance.

Types of Tar

There are several variations of the tar, each adapted to the specific musical traditions of the cultures in which they are used. Some of the most notable types include:

Persian Tar: The most well-known variant, used in Persian classical music. This tar typically has a larger frame and is played with the hands or with soft mallets.

Turkish Tar: Similar in shape and construction to the Persian version but typically smaller in size. This variant is used in Turkish folk music and is often played with more intricate finger techniques.

Arabic Tar: Known for its unique size and sound, the Arabic tar has a deeper tone and is used in a variety of Arabic classical and folk music genres.

Indian Tar: A variant used in Indian classical music, particularly in the Carnatic tradition. It is often associated with rhythms used in South Indian music.

North African Tar: Used in the traditional music of Morocco and Tunisia, this tar typically has a larger frame and is played in both ceremonial and social contexts.

Features

The tar has several distinct features that make it unique among percussion instruments:

1. Circular Frame: The frame provides the structural support for the membrane. Its design allows for comfortable handling during performance.
2. Membrane: The membrane is the key component that produces sound. Its tension and material (skin or synthetic) affect the tonal qualities of the instrument.
3. Sound Variety: The tar produces a range of sounds, from deep, resonant tones to sharp, crisp taps, depending on the playing technique and area of the membrane struck.
4. Versatility: The tar can be played in a variety of ways, including with the hands, fingertips, or sticks, offering a broad spectrum of rhythmic and tonal possibilities.
5. Lightweight: Despite its size, the tar is relatively lightweight, allowing it to be played in various positions and easily transported.

Sound Production

The sound of the tar is produced through the vibration of its stretched membrane. When struck, the membrane vibrates, sending sound waves through the air. The tone produced can be influenced by several factors. Striking near the center of the membrane produces a deeper sound, while striking near the edges produces a sharper tone. The player can use a variety of techniques, such as slaps, rolls, finger taps, and palm strikes, to create a range of sounds. The pitch of the tar can be adjusted by tightening or loosening the membrane, allowing for a range of tonal variation.

Playing Methods

The tar is typically played with the hands, and its playing techniques are highly versatile. Some common methods include:

• Finger Tapping: Light taps with the fingers on the membrane produce sharp, rhythmic sounds.
• Palm Strikes: Striking with the palm of the hand creates deep, resonant tones that can be used for foundational rhythms.
• Slapping: A technique where the player strikes the membrane sharply with the fingers or palms, creating a sharp, percussive sound.
• Rolls: Using the fingers in a rolling motion across the surface of the membrane can create a sustained, cascading rhythm.
• Sticks or Mallets: In some variants, the tar is played with sticks or mallets to produce a more precise and defined tone.

Kind of Music Composed

The tar plays a prominent role in various genres of music, especially classical and folk music. It is used for both rhythmic accompaniment and as a solo instrument. In Persian classical music, the tar is often a central part of the ensemble, providing rhythmic support for melodies played on stringed instruments like the setar and tar (the instrument it shares its name with). In folk music, it is used in both ceremonial and social contexts, often providing the foundation for dances and group performances. The tar is used in music across various regions, from Middle Eastern and Central Asian traditions to North African and Mediterranean musical styles. It is also being increasingly integrated into contemporary and fusion music, merging with genres like world music, jazz, and experimental styles.

Roles in Music

In many musical traditions, the tar serves both as a rhythmic and melodic instrument. It is often used to maintain the tempo of a performance, providing the backbone to more melodic instruments. In classical music, it can play an ornamental role, contributing to the intricate rhythmic patterns that characterize complex classical compositions. It also helps to define the character of the piece, with its wide range of tonal qualities allowing it to support various musical nuances. In folk music, the tar often takes a more social role, accompanying dances and rituals. The sound of the tar can evoke feelings of community, celebration, or solemnity, depending on the context.

The tar is a versatile and historic frame drum that has played a pivotal role in the music of various cultures. From its origins in ancient Persia to its widespread use across continents, the tar has adapted to fit many musical contexts, offering a broad range of tonal and rhythmic possibilities. Whether in classical compositions or modern fusion genres, the tar continues to be a cherished instrument, embodying a timeless tradition of rhythm and sound.