Yehu

The Yehu (椰胡) is a traditional Chinese two-stringed fiddle characterized by a resonating body made from a coconut shell. Its unique sound and cultural significance have made it a staple in Chaozhou music, Cantonese music, and various regional folk music styles in southern China. The instrument is often referred to as “Chao Ti” or “Xiao Hu” in Chaozhou, and “Mou Xian” in Chaozhou music.

Historical Development

The Yehu first appeared in Chinese folk music during the 18th century, becoming especially popular in Chaozhou. It is mentioned in the “Continued General Study of Qing Dynasty Literature” as an instrument with a gentle sound and unique craftsmanship. During the 1930s, the Yehu was integrated into Guangdong small tunes and became a key accompaniment instrument in Guangdong operas and narrative music, known for its rich, mellow sound. This helped solidify its role in both regional musical traditions and popular culture.

Physical Structure

The body of the Yehu is crafted from a half-coconut shell, which serves as a resonating chamber, covered with a thin piece of paulownia wood. It has a set of five sound holes arranged on the back of the body, which contribute to its characteristic tone. The neck and head are made from hardwood such as redwood or rosewood. The top of the head is often flat or crescent-shaped, and some models feature a dragon-head carving. The tuning pegs, also made of hardwood, are positioned parallel to the body, and the strings are usually made of silk or steel.

The Yehu measures around 67 cm in length, with a slightly thinner and shorter neck compared to the Banhu. It is tuned in fifths, typically to g, d1, or c1, g1, spanning a range of two octaves. Its bridge is often made from small shells or bamboo, contributing to its distinct timbre.

Playing Techniques

The Yehu is played while seated, with the instrument resting on the left thigh or between both legs. The musician holds the neck with the left hand to press the strings while using a horsehair bow with the right hand to produce sound. Similar to other Chinese bowed instruments like the Erhu, the bow is positioned between the two strings. The player manipulates the bow pressure and finger placement to produce a variety of expressive tones. The instrument’s tuning allows it to serve both as an accompanying and solo instrument in various musical settings.

Regional Variations

Chaozhou Yehu

The Chaozhou variation of the Yehu is known for its adaptability and connection to the local culture. It has spread beyond the Chaoshan region to overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia. This version of the Yehu is often associated with films and folk songs that depict the lives and struggles of the working class, reflecting its deep roots in the everyday life of the people.

Fuzhou Yehu

The Fuzhou version is distinct for its side-mounted tuning pegs and longer neck, making it suitable for a variety of regional performances. It is commonly used in Fuzhou opera accompaniment, puppetry, tea house music, and Zen music, offering a broader range of sounds that complement these genres.

Cultural Significance and Applications

The Yehu holds a special place in the musical traditions of southern China. Its soft, rich tone makes it suitable for accompanying vocal performances and traditional Chinese operas. It is an instrument deeply connected to the cultural identity of the people in regions like Guangdong and Fujian. The Yehu is popular among both professional musicians and amateurs, including the elderly who appreciate its accessibility. Despite being easy to learn, mastering the Yehu requires skill and dedication, making it a respected instrument in Chinese musical heritage.