Zhonghu

The Zhonghu (中胡), often referred to as the “Chinese viola,” is a traditional Chinese string instrument derived from the Erhu (二胡). It plays a crucial role in Chinese orchestras, especially in the alto range, offering a richer and deeper sound compared to its counterpart. While similar to the Erhu in design and playing technique, the Zhonghu’s larger body and deeper tuning allow it to provide a fuller sound that bridges the gap between the Erhu and lower-pitched string instruments.

Historical Overview

The development of the Zhonghu can be traced back to the 20th century, when musicians sought to enhance the middle range of Chinese orchestral music. A key figure in its creation was Zhou Rongting (周荣庭, 1907–1975), a renowned Chinese instrument maker and musician. Zhou was inspired by his work with the Wu Ping National Music Orchestra and aimed to design an instrument that could strengthen the mid-range tones in orchestral arrangements. The result was the Zhonghu, an instrument that has since become a staple in Chinese orchestral music.

Structural Characteristics

The Zhonghu shares many structural similarities with the Erhu but is distinguished by a few key differences:

• Body: The body is larger, typically featuring a round soundbox covered with python skin, though variations with octagonal soundboxes also exist.
• Bowing Apparatus: The bowstring is longer, measuring around 86 cm, and may be adorned with decorative elements like a dragon head or crescent shape.
• Strings: The Zhonghu uses thicker strings, often made of steel, which contribute to its distinct sound quality and resonance.
• Tuning: It is usually tuned a perfect fourth or fifth lower than the Erhu, enabling it to fill the middle range within orchestral compositions.

Playing Techniques

Playing the Zhonghu involves techniques similar to those used with the Erhu, but the instrument’s larger size and deeper pitch require some adjustments:

• Bowing: Precision is crucial in bowing to avoid unwanted contact with the non-playing string, ensuring clarity in the produced tones.
• Plucking: Both single and continuous plucking (pizzicato) are common, demanding finesse to achieve clear and resonant sounds.
• Finger Placement: The larger scale of the instrument requires careful finger positioning for accurate intonation, especially when shifting between notes.

Performance Posture

There are three common postures for playing the Zhonghu:

• Sitting with Legs Flat: The most common posture, providing stability during extended performances.
• Sitting with One Leg Crossed: This posture is often used during solo performances, offering a relaxed yet controlled position.
• Standing: Rarely used for long performances, but can be suitable for shorter solos or when a greater visual presence is desired on stage.

Maintenance and Care

Proper maintenance is crucial for the longevity and sound quality of the Zhonghu:

• Avoid Extreme Conditions: Keep the instrument away from direct sunlight and avoid exposure to extreme temperatures or humidity.
• Storage: Store the Zhonghu in its case with desiccants in humid conditions to prevent moisture buildup.
• Regular Checks: Periodically check and adjust components like the soundbox, strings, and tuning pegs to ensure optimal performance and sound quality.